Givet et sæt byer og afstand mellem hvert par byer er problemet at finde den kortest mulige turné, der besøger hver by nøjagtigt en gang og vender tilbage til udgangspunktet.
Overvej for eksempel grafen vist i figur på højre side. En TSP-turné i grafen er 0-1-3-2-0. Omkostningerne ved turen er 10+25+30+15, som er 80.
Vi har drøftet følgende løsninger
1) Naiv og dynamisk programmering
2) Omtrentlig løsning ved hjælp af MST
Gren og bundet løsning
Som det ses i de foregående artikler i gren og bundet metode til den nuværende knude i træ, beregner vi en bundet på den bedst mulige løsning, som vi kan få, hvis vi ned ad denne knude. Hvis den bundet på den bedst mulige løsning er værre end den aktuelle bedst (bedst beregnet indtil videre), ignorerer vi undertrækket, der er rodfæstet med noden.
Bemærk, at omkostningerne via en knude inkluderer to omkostninger.
1) Omkostninger ved at nå noden fra roden (når vi når en knude, har vi denne omkostning beregnet)
2) Omkostninger ved at nå et svar fra den aktuelle knude til et blad (vi beregner en bundet af disse omkostninger for at beslutte, om undertræk vil ignorere undertræet med denne knude eller ej).
- I tilfælde af en maksimeringsproblem En øvre grænse fortæller os den maksimale mulige løsning, hvis vi følger den givne knude. For eksempel i 0/1 rygsæk vi brugte grådig tilgang til at finde en øvre grænse .
- I tilfælde af en minimeringsproblem En nedre grænse fortæller os den mindst mulige løsning, hvis vi følger den givne knude. For eksempel i Jobopgaveproblem Vi får en lavere grænse ved at tildele mindst omkostningsjob til en arbejdstager.
I gren og bundet er den udfordrende del at finde ud af en måde at beregne en bundet på den bedst mulige løsning. Nedenfor er en idé, der bruges til at beregne grænser til rejsende sælgerproblem.
Omkostninger ved enhver turné kan skrives som nedenfor.
Cost of a tour T = (1/2) * ? (Sum of cost of two edges adjacent to u and in the tour T) where u ? V For every vertex u if we consider two edges through it in T and sum their costs. The overall sum for all vertices would be twice of cost of tour T (We have considered every edge twice.) (Sum of two tour edges adjacent to u) >= (sum of minimum weight two edges adjacent to u) Cost of any tour >= 1/2) * ? (Sum of cost of two minimum weight edges adjacent to u) where u ? V
Overvej for eksempel ovenstående viste graf. Nedenfor er minimumsomkostninger to kanter ved siden af hver knude.
Node Least cost edges Total cost 0 (0 1) (0 2) 25 1 (0 1) (1 3) 35 2 (0 2) (2 3) 45 3 (0 3) (1 3) 45 Thus a lower bound on the cost of any tour = 1/2(25 + 35 + 45 + 45) = 75 Refer this for one more example.
Nu har vi en idé om beregning af lavere grænse. Lad os se, hvordan vi anvender det statligt rumsøgningstræ. Vi starter med at opregne alle mulige noder (helst i leksikografisk rækkefølge)
1. ROOT -knudepunktet: Uden tab af generalitet antager vi, at vi starter ved toppunktet '0', som den nedre grænse er beregnet ovenfor.
Håndtering af niveau 2: Det næste niveau optæller alle mulige vertikater, vi kan gå til (husk, at et toppunkt kun skal forekomme én gang), som er 1 2 3 ... n (bemærk, at grafen er komplet). Overvej, at vi beregner for toppunkt 1, da vi flyttede fra 0 til 1, vores turné har nu inkluderet kanten 0-1. Dette giver os mulighed for at foretage de nødvendige ændringer i den nedre grænse af roden.
Lower Bound for vertex 1 = Old lower bound - ((minimum edge cost of 0 + minimum edge cost of 1) / 2) + (edge cost 0-1)
Hvordan fungerer det? For at inkludere kant 0-1 tilføjer vi kantomkostningerne på 0-1 og trækker en kantvægt, således at den nedre grænse forbliver så stram som muligt, hvilket ville være summen af minimumskanterne på 0 og 1 divideret med 2.. Kanten, der er subtraheret, ikke kan være mindre end dette.
Håndtering af andre niveauer: Når vi går videre til det næste niveau, opregner vi igen alle mulige vertikater. For ovenstående tilfælde, der går videre efter 1, tjekker vi ud for 2 3 4 ... n.
Overvej lavere grænse for 2, da vi flyttede fra 1 til 1, vi inkluderer kanten 1-2 til turen og ændre den nye nedre grænse for denne knude.
Lower bound(2) = Old lower bound - ((second minimum edge cost of 1 + minimum edge cost of 2)/2) + edge cost 1-2)
Bemærk: Den eneste ændring i formlen er, at vi denne gang har inkluderet anden minimumskantomkostninger for 1, fordi de minimale kantomkostninger allerede er trukket ud på tidligere niveau.
C++
// C++ program to solve Traveling Salesman Problem // using Branch and Bound. #include
// Java program to solve Traveling Salesman Problem // using Branch and Bound. import java.util.*; class GFG { static int N = 4; // final_path[] stores the final solution ie the // path of the salesman. static int final_path[] = new int[N + 1]; // visited[] keeps track of the already visited nodes // in a particular path static boolean visited[] = new boolean[N]; // Stores the final minimum weight of shortest tour. static int final_res = Integer.MAX_VALUE; // Function to copy temporary solution to // the final solution static void copyToFinal(int curr_path[]) { for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) final_path[i] = curr_path[i]; final_path[N] = curr_path[0]; } // Function to find the minimum edge cost // having an end at the vertex i static int firstMin(int adj[][] int i) { int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE; for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) if (adj[i][k] < min && i != k) min = adj[i][k]; return min; } // function to find the second minimum edge cost // having an end at the vertex i static int secondMin(int adj[][] int i) { int first = Integer.MAX_VALUE second = Integer.MAX_VALUE; for (int j=0; j<N; j++) { if (i == j) continue; if (adj[i][j] <= first) { second = first; first = adj[i][j]; } else if (adj[i][j] <= second && adj[i][j] != first) second = adj[i][j]; } return second; } // function that takes as arguments: // curr_bound -> lower bound of the root node // curr_weight-> stores the weight of the path so far // level-> current level while moving in the search // space tree // curr_path[] -> where the solution is being stored which // would later be copied to final_path[] static void TSPRec(int adj[][] int curr_bound int curr_weight int level int curr_path[]) { // base case is when we have reached level N which // means we have covered all the nodes once if (level == N) { // check if there is an edge from last vertex in // path back to the first vertex if (adj[curr_path[level - 1]][curr_path[0]] != 0) { // curr_res has the total weight of the // solution we got int curr_res = curr_weight + adj[curr_path[level-1]][curr_path[0]]; // Update final result and final path if // current result is better. if (curr_res < final_res) { copyToFinal(curr_path); final_res = curr_res; } } return; } // for any other level iterate for all vertices to // build the search space tree recursively for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) { // Consider next vertex if it is not same (diagonal // entry in adjacency matrix and not visited // already) if (adj[curr_path[level-1]][i] != 0 && visited[i] == false) { int temp = curr_bound; curr_weight += adj[curr_path[level - 1]][i]; // different computation of curr_bound for // level 2 from the other levels if (level==1) curr_bound -= ((firstMin(adj curr_path[level - 1]) + firstMin(adj i))/2); else curr_bound -= ((secondMin(adj curr_path[level - 1]) + firstMin(adj i))/2); // curr_bound + curr_weight is the actual lower bound // for the node that we have arrived on // If current lower bound < final_res we need to explore // the node further if (curr_bound + curr_weight < final_res) { curr_path[level] = i; visited[i] = true; // call TSPRec for the next level TSPRec(adj curr_bound curr_weight level + 1 curr_path); } // Else we have to prune the node by resetting // all changes to curr_weight and curr_bound curr_weight -= adj[curr_path[level-1]][i]; curr_bound = temp; // Also reset the visited array Arrays.fill(visitedfalse); for (int j = 0; j <= level - 1; j++) visited[curr_path[j]] = true; } } } // This function sets up final_path[] static void TSP(int adj[][]) { int curr_path[] = new int[N + 1]; // Calculate initial lower bound for the root node // using the formula 1/2 * (sum of first min + // second min) for all edges. // Also initialize the curr_path and visited array int curr_bound = 0; Arrays.fill(curr_path -1); Arrays.fill(visited false); // Compute initial bound for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) curr_bound += (firstMin(adj i) + secondMin(adj i)); // Rounding off the lower bound to an integer curr_bound = (curr_bound==1)? curr_bound/2 + 1 : curr_bound/2; // We start at vertex 1 so the first vertex // in curr_path[] is 0 visited[0] = true; curr_path[0] = 0; // Call to TSPRec for curr_weight equal to // 0 and level 1 TSPRec(adj curr_bound 0 1 curr_path); } // Driver code public static void main(String[] args) { //Adjacency matrix for the given graph int adj[][] = {{0 10 15 20} {10 0 35 25} {15 35 0 30} {20 25 30 0} }; TSP(adj); System.out.printf('Minimum cost : %dn' final_res); System.out.printf('Path Taken : '); for (int i = 0; i <= N; i++) { System.out.printf('%d ' final_path[i]); } } } /* This code contributed by PrinciRaj1992 */
# Python3 program to solve # Traveling Salesman Problem using # Branch and Bound. import math maxsize = float('inf') # Function to copy temporary solution # to the final solution def copyToFinal(curr_path): final_path[:N + 1] = curr_path[:] final_path[N] = curr_path[0] # Function to find the minimum edge cost # having an end at the vertex i def firstMin(adj i): min = maxsize for k in range(N): if adj[i][k] < min and i != k: min = adj[i][k] return min # function to find the second minimum edge # cost having an end at the vertex i def secondMin(adj i): first second = maxsize maxsize for j in range(N): if i == j: continue if adj[i][j] <= first: second = first first = adj[i][j] elif(adj[i][j] <= second and adj[i][j] != first): second = adj[i][j] return second # function that takes as arguments: # curr_bound -> lower bound of the root node # curr_weight-> stores the weight of the path so far # level-> current level while moving # in the search space tree # curr_path[] -> where the solution is being stored # which would later be copied to final_path[] def TSPRec(adj curr_bound curr_weight level curr_path visited): global final_res # base case is when we have reached level N # which means we have covered all the nodes once if level == N: # check if there is an edge from # last vertex in path back to the first vertex if adj[curr_path[level - 1]][curr_path[0]] != 0: # curr_res has the total weight # of the solution we got curr_res = curr_weight + adj[curr_path[level - 1]] [curr_path[0]] if curr_res < final_res: copyToFinal(curr_path) final_res = curr_res return # for any other level iterate for all vertices # to build the search space tree recursively for i in range(N): # Consider next vertex if it is not same # (diagonal entry in adjacency matrix and # not visited already) if (adj[curr_path[level-1]][i] != 0 and visited[i] == False): temp = curr_bound curr_weight += adj[curr_path[level - 1]][i] # different computation of curr_bound # for level 2 from the other levels if level == 1: curr_bound -= ((firstMin(adj curr_path[level - 1]) + firstMin(adj i)) / 2) else: curr_bound -= ((secondMin(adj curr_path[level - 1]) + firstMin(adj i)) / 2) # curr_bound + curr_weight is the actual lower bound # for the node that we have arrived on. # If current lower bound < final_res # we need to explore the node further if curr_bound + curr_weight < final_res: curr_path[level] = i visited[i] = True # call TSPRec for the next level TSPRec(adj curr_bound curr_weight level + 1 curr_path visited) # Else we have to prune the node by resetting # all changes to curr_weight and curr_bound curr_weight -= adj[curr_path[level - 1]][i] curr_bound = temp # Also reset the visited array visited = [False] * len(visited) for j in range(level): if curr_path[j] != -1: visited[curr_path[j]] = True # This function sets up final_path def TSP(adj): # Calculate initial lower bound for the root node # using the formula 1/2 * (sum of first min + # second min) for all edges. Also initialize the # curr_path and visited array curr_bound = 0 curr_path = [-1] * (N + 1) visited = [False] * N # Compute initial bound for i in range(N): curr_bound += (firstMin(adj i) + secondMin(adj i)) # Rounding off the lower bound to an integer curr_bound = math.ceil(curr_bound / 2) # We start at vertex 1 so the first vertex # in curr_path[] is 0 visited[0] = True curr_path[0] = 0 # Call to TSPRec for curr_weight # equal to 0 and level 1 TSPRec(adj curr_bound 0 1 curr_path visited) # Driver code # Adjacency matrix for the given graph adj = [[0 10 15 20] [10 0 35 25] [15 35 0 30] [20 25 30 0]] N = 4 # final_path[] stores the final solution # i.e. the // path of the salesman. final_path = [None] * (N + 1) # visited[] keeps track of the already # visited nodes in a particular path visited = [False] * N # Stores the final minimum weight # of shortest tour. final_res = maxsize TSP(adj) print('Minimum cost :' final_res) print('Path Taken : ' end = ' ') for i in range(N + 1): print(final_path[i] end = ' ') # This code is contributed by ng24_7
// C# program to solve Traveling Salesman Problem // using Branch and Bound. using System; public class GFG { static int N = 4; // final_path[] stores the final solution ie the // path of the salesman. static int[] final_path = new int[N + 1]; // visited[] keeps track of the already visited nodes // in a particular path static bool[] visited = new bool[N]; // Stores the final minimum weight of shortest tour. static int final_res = Int32.MaxValue; // Function to copy temporary solution to // the final solution static void copyToFinal(int[] curr_path) { for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) final_path[i] = curr_path[i]; final_path[N] = curr_path[0]; } // Function to find the minimum edge cost // having an end at the vertex i static int firstMin(int[ ] adj int i) { int min = Int32.MaxValue; for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) if (adj[i k] < min && i != k) min = adj[i k]; return min; } // function to find the second minimum edge cost // having an end at the vertex i static int secondMin(int[ ] adj int i) { int first = Int32.MaxValue second = Int32.MaxValue; for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) { if (i == j) continue; if (adj[i j] <= first) { second = first; first = adj[i j]; } else if (adj[i j] <= second && adj[i j] != first) second = adj[i j]; } return second; } // function that takes as arguments: // curr_bound -> lower bound of the root node // curr_weight-> stores the weight of the path so far // level-> current level while moving in the search // space tree // curr_path[] -> where the solution is being stored // which // would later be copied to final_path[] static void TSPRec(int[ ] adj int curr_bound int curr_weight int level int[] curr_path) { // base case is when we have reached level N which // means we have covered all the nodes once if (level == N) { // check if there is an edge from last vertex in // path back to the first vertex if (adj[curr_path[level - 1] curr_path[0]] != 0) { // curr_res has the total weight of the // solution we got int curr_res = curr_weight + adj[curr_path[level - 1] curr_path[0]]; // Update final result and final path if // current result is better. if (curr_res < final_res) { copyToFinal(curr_path); final_res = curr_res; } } return; } // for any other level iterate for all vertices to // build the search space tree recursively for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) { // Consider next vertex if it is not same // (diagonal entry in adjacency matrix and not // visited already) if (adj[curr_path[level - 1] i] != 0 && visited[i] == false) { int temp = curr_bound; curr_weight += adj[curr_path[level - 1] i]; // different computation of curr_bound for // level 2 from the other levels if (level == 1) curr_bound -= ((firstMin(adj curr_path[level - 1]) + firstMin(adj i)) / 2); else curr_bound -= ((secondMin(adj curr_path[level - 1]) + firstMin(adj i)) / 2); // curr_bound + curr_weight is the actual // lower bound for the node that we have // arrived on If current lower bound < // final_res we need to explore the node // further if (curr_bound + curr_weight < final_res) { curr_path[level] = i; visited[i] = true; // call TSPRec for the next level TSPRec(adj curr_bound curr_weight level + 1 curr_path); } // Else we have to prune the node by // resetting all changes to curr_weight and // curr_bound curr_weight -= adj[curr_path[level - 1] i]; curr_bound = temp; // Also reset the visited array Array.Fill(visited false); for (int j = 0; j <= level - 1; j++) visited[curr_path[j]] = true; } } } // This function sets up final_path[] static void TSP(int[ ] adj) { int[] curr_path = new int[N + 1]; // Calculate initial lower bound for the root node // using the formula 1/2 * (sum of first min + // second min) for all edges. // Also initialize the curr_path and visited array int curr_bound = 0; Array.Fill(curr_path -1); Array.Fill(visited false); // Compute initial bound for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) curr_bound += (firstMin(adj i) + secondMin(adj i)); // Rounding off the lower bound to an integer curr_bound = (curr_bound == 1) ? curr_bound / 2 + 1 : curr_bound / 2; // We start at vertex 1 so the first vertex // in curr_path[] is 0 visited[0] = true; curr_path[0] = 0; // Call to TSPRec for curr_weight equal to // 0 and level 1 TSPRec(adj curr_bound 0 1 curr_path); } // Driver code static public void Main() { // Adjacency matrix for the given graph int[ ] adj = { { 0 10 15 20 } { 10 0 35 25 } { 15 35 0 30 } { 20 25 30 0 } }; TSP(adj); Console.WriteLine('Minimum cost : ' + final_res); Console.Write('Path Taken : '); for (int i = 0; i <= N; i++) { Console.Write(final_path[i] + ' '); } } } // This code is contributed by Rohit Pradhan
const N = 4; // final_path[] stores the final solution ie the // path of the salesman. let final_path = Array (N + 1).fill (-1); // visited[] keeps track of the already visited nodes // in a particular path let visited = Array (N).fill (false); // Stores the final minimum weight of shortest tour. let final_res = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER; // Function to copy temporary solution to // the final solution function copyToFinal (curr_path){ for (let i = 0; i < N; i++){ final_path[i] = curr_path[i]; } final_path[N] = curr_path[0]; } // Function to find the minimum edge cost // having an end at the vertex i function firstMin (adj i){ let min = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER; for (let k = 0; k < N; k++){ if (adj[i][k] < min && i !== k){ min = adj[i][k]; } } return min; } // function to find the second minimum edge cost // having an end at the vertex i function secondMin (adj i){ let first = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER; let second = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER; for (let j = 0; j < N; j++){ if (i == j){ continue; } if (adj[i][j] <= first){ second = first; first = adj[i][j]; } else if (adj[i][j] <= second && adj[i][j] !== first){ second = adj[i][j]; } } return second; } // function that takes as arguments: // curr_bound -> lower bound of the root node // curr_weight-> stores the weight of the path so far // level-> current level while moving in the search // space tree // curr_path[] -> where the solution is being stored which // would later be copied to final_path[] function TSPRec (adj curr_bound curr_weight level curr_path) { // base case is when we have reached level N which // means we have covered all the nodes once if (level == N) { // check if there is an edge from last vertex in // path back to the first vertex if (adj[curr_path[level - 1]][curr_path[0]] !== 0) { // curr_res has the total weight of the // solution we got let curr_res = curr_weight + adj[curr_path[level - 1]][curr_path[0]]; // Update final result and final path if // current result is better. if (curr_res < final_res) { copyToFinal (curr_path); final_res = curr_res; } } return; } // for any other level iterate for all vertices to // build the search space tree recursively for (let i = 0; i < N; i++){ // Consider next vertex if it is not same (diagonal // entry in adjacency matrix and not visited // already) if (adj[curr_path[level - 1]][i] !== 0 && !visited[i]){ let temp = curr_bound; curr_weight += adj[curr_path[level - 1]][i]; // different computation of curr_bound for // level 2 from the other levels if (level == 1){ curr_bound -= (firstMin (adj curr_path[level - 1]) + firstMin (adj i)) / 2; } else { curr_bound -= (secondMin (adj curr_path[level - 1]) + firstMin (adj i)) / 2; } // curr_bound + curr_weight is the actual lower bound // for the node that we have arrived on // If current lower bound < final_res we need to explore // the node further if (curr_bound + curr_weight < final_res){ curr_path[level] = i; visited[i] = true; // call TSPRec for the next level TSPRec (adj curr_bound curr_weight level + 1 curr_path); } // Else we have to prune the node by resetting // all changes to curr_weight and curr_bound curr_weight -= adj[curr_path[level - 1]][i]; curr_bound = temp; // Also reset the visited array visited.fill (false) for (var j = 0; j <= level - 1; j++) visited[curr_path[j]] = true; } } } // This function sets up final_path[] function TSP (adj) { let curr_path = Array (N + 1).fill (-1); // Calculate initial lower bound for the root node // using the formula 1/2 * (sum of first min + // second min) for all edges. // Also initialize the curr_path and visited array let curr_bound = 0; visited.fill (false); // compute initial bound for (let i = 0; i < N; i++){ curr_bound += firstMin (adj i) + secondMin (adj i); } // Rounding off the lower bound to an integer curr_bound = curr_bound == 1 ? (curr_bound / 2) + 1 : (curr_bound / 2); // We start at vertex 1 so the first vertex // in curr_path[] is 0 visited[0] = true; curr_path[0] = 0; // Call to TSPRec for curr_weight equal to // 0 and level 1 TSPRec (adj curr_bound 0 1 curr_path); } //Adjacency matrix for the given graph let adj =[[0 10 15 20] [10 0 35 25] [15 35 0 30] [20 25 30 0]]; TSP (adj); console.log (`Minimum cost:${final_res}`); console.log (`Path Taken:${final_path.join (' ')}`); // This code is contributed by anskalyan3.
Output:
Minimum cost : 80 Path Taken : 0 1 3 2 0
Afslutningen udføres i denne kodelinje:
if (level==1) curr_bound -= ((firstMin(adj curr_path[level-1]) + firstMin(adj i))/2); else curr_bound -= ((secondMin(adj curr_path[level-1]) + firstMin(adj i))/2);
I gren og bundet TSP -algoritme beregner vi en lavere grænse på de samlede omkostninger for den optimale løsning ved at tilføje minimumskantomkostningerne for hvert toppunkt og derefter dele med to. Imidlertid er denne nedre grænse muligvis ikke et heltal. For at få et heltal nedre grænse kan vi bruge afrunding.
I ovenstående kode har Curr_Bound -variablen den aktuelle nedre grænse på de samlede omkostninger for den optimale løsning. Når vi besøger et nyt toppunkt på niveau -niveau, beregner vi en ny nedre bundet New_Bound ved at tage summen af minimumskantomkostningerne for det nye toppunkt og dets to nærmeste naboer. Vi opdaterer derefter CURS_BOUND -variablen ved at afrunde new_bound til det nærmeste heltal.
Hvis niveauet er 1, runde vi ned til det nærmeste heltal. Dette skyldes, at vi kun har besøgt et toppunkt indtil videre, og vi ønsker at være konservative i vores skøn over de samlede omkostninger ved den optimale løsning. Hvis niveauet er større end 1, bruger vi en mere aggressiv afrundingsstrategi, der tager højde for det faktum, at vi allerede har besøgt nogle hjørner og derfor kan gøre et mere nøjagtigt skøn over de samlede omkostninger ved den optimale løsning.
Tidskompleksitet: Den værste tilfælde kompleksitet af gren og bundet forbliver den samme som for brute force klart, fordi vi i værste fald aldrig får en chance for at beskære en knude. Hvorimod det i praksis fungerer meget godt afhængigt af den forskellige forekomst af TSP. Kompleksiteten afhænger også af valget af afgrænsningsfunktionen, da det er dem, der beslutter, hvor mange noder der skal beskæres.
Referencer:
http://lcm.csa.iisc.ernet.in/dsa/node187.html