Givet en matrix arr[0..N-1]. Følgende operationer skal udføres.
- opdatering(l r val) : Tilføj 'val' til alle elementerne i arrayet fra [l r].
- getRangeSum(l r) : Find summen af alle elementer i matrixen fra [l r].
Til at begynde med er alle elementerne i arrayet 0. Forespørgsler kan være i enhver rækkefølge, dvs. der kan være mange opdateringer før intervalsum.
Eksempel:
Input: N = 5 // {0 0 0 0 0}
Forespørgsler: opdatering: l = 0 r = 4 val = 2
opdatering: l = 3 r = 4 val = 3
getRangeSum : l = 2 r = 4Produktion: Summen af elementer i området [2 4] er 12
Forklaring: Array efter første opdatering bliver {2 2 2 2 2}
Array efter anden opdatering bliver {2 2 2 5 5}
Naiv tilgang: Følg nedenstående idé for at løse problemet:
I den tidligere indlæg vi diskuterede rækkeviddeopdatering og punktforespørgselsløsninger ved hjælp af BIT.
rangeUpdate(l r val): Vi tilføjer 'val' til elementet ved indeks 'l'. Vi trækker 'val' fra elementet ved indeks 'r+1'.
getElement(indeks) [eller getSum()]: Vi returnerer summen af elementer fra 0 til indeks, som hurtigt kan opnås ved hjælp af BIT.
Vi kan beregne rangeSum() ved hjælp af getSum()-forespørgsler.
rangeSum(l r) = getSum(r) - getSum(l-1)multiline kommentar powershellEn simpel løsning er at bruge de løsninger, der er diskuteret i tidligere indlæg . Forespørgslen om opdatering af rækkevidde er den samme. Forespørgsel til intervalsum kan opnås ved at lave en get-forespørgsel for alle elementer i området.
Effektiv tilgang: Følg nedenstående idé for at løse problemet:
Vi får intervalsum ved hjælp af præfikssummer. Hvordan sikrer man sig, at opdateringen udføres på en måde, så præfikssum kan udføres hurtigt? Overvej en situation, hvor præfikssum [0 k] (hvor 0<= k < n) is needed after range update on the range [l r]. Three cases arise as k can possibly lie in 3 regions.
- Tilfælde 1 : 0< k < l
- Opdateringsforespørgslen vil ikke påvirke sumforespørgslen.
- Tilfælde 2 : l<= k <= r
- Overvej et eksempel: Tilføj 2 til området [2 4] den resulterende matrix ville være: 0 0 2 2 2
Hvis k = 3 Summen fra [0 k] = 4Hvordan får man dette resultat?
Du skal blot tilføje tallet fra lthindeks til kthindeks. Summen øges med 'val*(k) - val*(l-1)' efter opdateringsforespørgslen.
- Tilfælde 3 : k > r
- I dette tilfælde skal vi tilføje 'val' fra lthindeks til rthindeks. Summen øges med 'val*r – val*(l-1)' på grund af en opdateringsforespørgsel.
Observationer:
Case 1: er enkel, da summen ville forblive den samme, som den var før opdateringen.
Tilfælde 2: Summen blev forøget med val*k - val*(l-1). Vi kan finde 'val', det svarer til at finde ithelement i områdeopdatering og punktforespørgselsartikel . Så vi vedligeholder én BIT til Range Update og Point Queries, denne BIT vil være nyttig til at finde værdien ved kthindeks. Nu beregnes val * k, hvordan man håndterer ekstra term val*(l-1)?
For at håndtere denne ekstra periode opretholder vi en anden BIT (BIT2). Opdater værdi * (l-1) klthindeks, så når getSum-forespørgslen udføres på BIT2 vil resultatet give val*(l-1).
Case 3: Summen i tilfælde 3 blev forøget med 'val*r - val *(l-1)' værdien af denne term kan opnås ved hjælp af BIT2. I stedet for at addere trækker vi 'val*(l-1) - val*r', da vi kan få denne værdi fra BIT2 ved at tilføje val*(l-1), som vi gjorde i tilfælde 2 og trække val*r fra i hver opdateringsoperation.
Opdater forespørgsel
Opdatering (BITree1 l værdi)
Opdatering(BITree1 r+1 -værdi)
UpdateBIT2(BITree2 l værdi*(l-1))
UpdateBIT2(BITree2 r+1 -værdi*r)Rækkevidde Sum
getSum(BITTree1 k) *k) - getSum(BITTree2 k)
java prøv catch
Følg nedenstående trin for at løse problemet:
- Opret de to binære indekstræer ved hjælp af den givne funktion constructBITree()
- For at finde summen i et givent område skal du kalde funktionen rangeSum() med parametre som det givne område og binære indekserede træer
- Kald en funktionssum, der returnerer en sum i området [0 X]
- Retursum(R) - sum(L-1)
- Inde i denne funktion kald funktionen getSum(), som returnerer summen af arrayet fra [0 X]
- Returner getSum(Træ1 x) * x - getSum(træ2 x)
- Inde i funktionen getSum() opret en heltalssum lig med nul og øg indekset med 1
- Mens indekset er større end nul, øges summen med træ[indeks]
- Formindsk indeks med (indeks & (-indeks)) for at flytte indekset til den overordnede node i træet
- Retursum
- Udskriv summen i det givne interval
Nedenfor er implementeringen af ovenstående tilgang:
C++// C++ program to demonstrate Range Update // and Range Queries using BIT #include using namespace std; // Returns sum of arr[0..index]. This function assumes // that the array is preprocessed and partial sums of // array elements are stored in BITree[] int getSum(int BITree[] int index) { int sum = 0; // Initialize result // index in BITree[] is 1 more than the index in arr[] index = index + 1; // Traverse ancestors of BITree[index] while (index > 0) { // Add current element of BITree to sum sum += BITree[index]; // Move index to parent node in getSum View index -= index & (-index); } return sum; } // Updates a node in Binary Index Tree (BITree) at given // index in BITree. The given value 'val' is added to // BITree[i] and all of its ancestors in tree. void updateBIT(int BITree[] int n int index int val) { // index in BITree[] is 1 more than the index in arr[] index = index + 1; // Traverse all ancestors and add 'val' while (index <= n) { // Add 'val' to current node of BI Tree BITree[index] += val; // Update index to that of parent in update View index += index & (-index); } } // Returns the sum of array from [0 x] int sum(int x int BITTree1[] int BITTree2[]) { return (getSum(BITTree1 x) * x) - getSum(BITTree2 x); } void updateRange(int BITTree1[] int BITTree2[] int n int val int l int r) { // Update Both the Binary Index Trees // As discussed in the article // Update BIT1 updateBIT(BITTree1 n l val); updateBIT(BITTree1 n r + 1 -val); // Update BIT2 updateBIT(BITTree2 n l val * (l - 1)); updateBIT(BITTree2 n r + 1 -val * r); } int rangeSum(int l int r int BITTree1[] int BITTree2[]) { // Find sum from [0r] then subtract sum // from [0l-1] in order to find sum from // [lr] return sum(r BITTree1 BITTree2) - sum(l - 1 BITTree1 BITTree2); } int* constructBITree(int n) { // Create and initialize BITree[] as 0 int* BITree = new int[n + 1]; for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) BITree[i] = 0; return BITree; } // Driver code int main() { int n = 5; // Construct two BIT int *BITTree1 *BITTree2; // BIT1 to get element at any index // in the array BITTree1 = constructBITree(n); // BIT 2 maintains the extra term // which needs to be subtracted BITTree2 = constructBITree(n); // Add 5 to all the elements from [04] int l = 0 r = 4 val = 5; updateRange(BITTree1 BITTree2 n val l r); // Add 10 to all the elements from [24] l = 2 r = 4 val = 10; updateRange(BITTree1 BITTree2 n val l r); // Find sum of all the elements from // [14] l = 1 r = 4; cout << 'Sum of elements from [' << l << '' << r << '] is '; cout << rangeSum(l r BITTree1 BITTree2) << 'n'; return 0; }
Java // Java program to demonstrate Range Update // and Range Queries using BIT import java.util.*; class GFG { // Returns sum of arr[0..index]. This function assumes // that the array is preprocessed and partial sums of // array elements are stored in BITree[] static int getSum(int BITree[] int index) { int sum = 0; // Initialize result // index in BITree[] is 1 more than the index in // arr[] index = index + 1; // Traverse ancestors of BITree[index] while (index > 0) { // Add current element of BITree to sum sum += BITree[index]; // Move index to parent node in getSum View index -= index & (-index); } return sum; } // Updates a node in Binary Index Tree (BITree) at given // index in BITree. The given value 'val' is added to // BITree[i] and all of its ancestors in tree. static void updateBIT(int BITree[] int n int index int val) { // index in BITree[] is 1 more than the index in // arr[] index = index + 1; // Traverse all ancestors and add 'val' while (index <= n) { // Add 'val' to current node of BI Tree BITree[index] += val; // Update index to that of parent in update View index += index & (-index); } } // Returns the sum of array from [0 x] static int sum(int x int BITTree1[] int BITTree2[]) { return (getSum(BITTree1 x) * x) - getSum(BITTree2 x); } static void updateRange(int BITTree1[] int BITTree2[] int n int val int l int r) { // Update Both the Binary Index Trees // As discussed in the article // Update BIT1 updateBIT(BITTree1 n l val); updateBIT(BITTree1 n r + 1 -val); // Update BIT2 updateBIT(BITTree2 n l val * (l - 1)); updateBIT(BITTree2 n r + 1 -val * r); } static int rangeSum(int l int r int BITTree1[] int BITTree2[]) { // Find sum from [0r] then subtract sum // from [0l-1] in order to find sum from // [lr] return sum(r BITTree1 BITTree2) - sum(l - 1 BITTree1 BITTree2); } static int[] constructBITree(int n) { // Create and initialize BITree[] as 0 int[] BITree = new int[n + 1]; for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) BITree[i] = 0; return BITree; } // Driver Program to test above function public static void main(String[] args) { int n = 5; // Contwo BIT int[] BITTree1; int[] BITTree2; // BIT1 to get element at any index // in the array BITTree1 = constructBITree(n); // BIT 2 maintains the extra term // which needs to be subtracted BITTree2 = constructBITree(n); // Add 5 to all the elements from [04] int l = 0 r = 4 val = 5; updateRange(BITTree1 BITTree2 n val l r); // Add 10 to all the elements from [24] l = 2; r = 4; val = 10; updateRange(BITTree1 BITTree2 n val l r); // Find sum of all the elements from // [14] l = 1; r = 4; System.out.print('Sum of elements from [' + l + '' + r + '] is '); System.out.print(rangeSum(l r BITTree1 BITTree2) + 'n'); } } // This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar
Python3 # Python3 program to demonstrate Range Update # and Range Queries using BIT # Returns sum of arr[0..index]. This function assumes # that the array is preprocessed and partial sums of # array elements are stored in BITree[] def getSum(BITree: list index: int) -> int: summ = 0 # Initialize result # index in BITree[] is 1 more than the index in arr[] index = index + 1 # Traverse ancestors of BITree[index] while index > 0: # Add current element of BITree to sum summ += BITree[index] # Move index to parent node in getSum View index -= index & (-index) return summ # Updates a node in Binary Index Tree (BITree) at given # index in BITree. The given value 'val' is added to # BITree[i] and all of its ancestors in tree. def updateBit(BITTree: list n: int index: int val: int) -> None: # index in BITree[] is 1 more than the index in arr[] index = index + 1 # Traverse all ancestors and add 'val' while index <= n: # Add 'val' to current node of BI Tree BITTree[index] += val # Update index to that of parent in update View index += index & (-index) # Returns the sum of array from [0 x] def summation(x: int BITTree1: list BITTree2: list) -> int: return (getSum(BITTree1 x) * x) - getSum(BITTree2 x) def updateRange(BITTree1: list BITTree2: list n: int val: int l: int r: int) -> None: # Update Both the Binary Index Trees # As discussed in the article # Update BIT1 updateBit(BITTree1 n l val) updateBit(BITTree1 n r + 1 -val) # Update BIT2 updateBit(BITTree2 n l val * (l - 1)) updateBit(BITTree2 n r + 1 -val * r) def rangeSum(l: int r: int BITTree1: list BITTree2: list) -> int: # Find sum from [0r] then subtract sum # from [0l-1] in order to find sum from # [lr] return summation(r BITTree1 BITTree2) - summation( l - 1 BITTree1 BITTree2) # Driver Code if __name__ == '__main__': n = 5 # BIT1 to get element at any index # in the array BITTree1 = [0] * (n + 1) # BIT 2 maintains the extra term # which needs to be subtracted BITTree2 = [0] * (n + 1) # Add 5 to all the elements from [04] l = 0 r = 4 val = 5 updateRange(BITTree1 BITTree2 n val l r) # Add 10 to all the elements from [24] l = 2 r = 4 val = 10 updateRange(BITTree1 BITTree2 n val l r) # Find sum of all the elements from # [14] l = 1 r = 4 print('Sum of elements from [%d%d] is %d' % (l r rangeSum(l r BITTree1 BITTree2))) # This code is contributed by # sanjeev2552
C# // C# program to demonstrate Range Update // and Range Queries using BIT using System; class GFG { // Returns sum of arr[0..index]. This function assumes // that the array is preprocessed and partial sums of // array elements are stored in BITree[] static int getSum(int[] BITree int index) { int sum = 0; // Initialize result // index in BITree[] is 1 more than // the index in []arr index = index + 1; // Traverse ancestors of BITree[index] while (index > 0) { // Add current element of BITree to sum sum += BITree[index]; // Move index to parent node in getSum View index -= index & (-index); } return sum; } // Updates a node in Binary Index Tree (BITree) at given // index in BITree. The given value 'val' is added to // BITree[i] and all of its ancestors in tree. static void updateBIT(int[] BITree int n int index int val) { // index in BITree[] is 1 more than // the index in []arr index = index + 1; // Traverse all ancestors and add 'val' while (index <= n) { // Add 'val' to current node of BI Tree BITree[index] += val; // Update index to that of // parent in update View index += index & (-index); } } // Returns the sum of array from [0 x] static int sum(int x int[] BITTree1 int[] BITTree2) { return (getSum(BITTree1 x) * x) - getSum(BITTree2 x); } static void updateRange(int[] BITTree1 int[] BITTree2 int n int val int l int r) { // Update Both the Binary Index Trees // As discussed in the article // Update BIT1 updateBIT(BITTree1 n l val); updateBIT(BITTree1 n r + 1 -val); // Update BIT2 updateBIT(BITTree2 n l val * (l - 1)); updateBIT(BITTree2 n r + 1 -val * r); } static int rangeSum(int l int r int[] BITTree1 int[] BITTree2) { // Find sum from [0r] then subtract sum // from [0l-1] in order to find sum from // [lr] return sum(r BITTree1 BITTree2) - sum(l - 1 BITTree1 BITTree2); } static int[] constructBITree(int n) { // Create and initialize BITree[] as 0 int[] BITree = new int[n + 1]; for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) BITree[i] = 0; return BITree; } // Driver Code public static void Main(String[] args) { int n = 5; // Contwo BIT int[] BITTree1; int[] BITTree2; // BIT1 to get element at any index // in the array BITTree1 = constructBITree(n); // BIT 2 maintains the extra term // which needs to be subtracted BITTree2 = constructBITree(n); // Add 5 to all the elements from [04] int l = 0 r = 4 val = 5; updateRange(BITTree1 BITTree2 n val l r); // Add 10 to all the elements from [24] l = 2; r = 4; val = 10; updateRange(BITTree1 BITTree2 n val l r); // Find sum of all the elements from // [14] l = 1; r = 4; Console.Write('Sum of elements from [' + l + '' + r + '] is '); Console.Write(rangeSum(l r BITTree1 BITTree2) + 'n'); } } // This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar
JavaScript <script> // JavaScript program to demonstrate Range Update // and Range Queries using BIT // Returns sum of arr[0..index]. This function assumes // that the array is preprocessed and partial sums of // array elements are stored in BITree[] function getSum(BITreeindex) { let sum = 0; // Initialize result // index in BITree[] is 1 more than the index in arr[] index = index + 1; // Traverse ancestors of BITree[index] while (index > 0) { // Add current element of BITree to sum sum += BITree[index]; // Move index to parent node in getSum View index -= index & (-index); } return sum; } // Updates a node in Binary Index Tree (BITree) at given // index in BITree. The given value 'val' is added to // BITree[i] and all of its ancestors in tree. function updateBIT(BITreenindexval) { // index in BITree[] is 1 more than the index in arr[] index = index + 1; // Traverse all ancestors and add 'val' while (index <= n) { // Add 'val' to current node of BI Tree BITree[index] += val; // Update index to that of parent in update View index += index & (-index); } } // Returns the sum of array from [0 x] function sum(xBITTree1BITTree2) { return (getSum(BITTree1 x) * x) - getSum(BITTree2 x); } function updateRange(BITTree1BITTree2nvallr) { // Update Both the Binary Index Trees // As discussed in the article // Update BIT1 updateBIT(BITTree1 n l val); updateBIT(BITTree1 n r + 1 -val); // Update BIT2 updateBIT(BITTree2 n l val * (l - 1)); updateBIT(BITTree2 n r + 1 -val * r); } function rangeSum(lrBITTree1BITTree2) { // Find sum from [0r] then subtract sum // from [0l-1] in order to find sum from // [lr] return sum(r BITTree1 BITTree2) - sum(l - 1 BITTree1 BITTree2); } function constructBITree(n) { // Create and initialize BITree[] as 0 let BITree = new Array(n + 1); for (let i = 1; i <= n; i++) BITree[i] = 0; return BITree; } // Driver Program to test above function let n = 5; // Contwo BIT let BITTree1; let BITTree2; // BIT1 to get element at any index // in the array BITTree1 = constructBITree(n); // BIT 2 maintains the extra term // which needs to be subtracted BITTree2 = constructBITree(n); // Add 5 to all the elements from [04] let l = 0 r = 4 val = 5; updateRange(BITTree1 BITTree2 n val l r); // Add 10 to all the elements from [24] l = 2 ; r = 4 ; val = 10; updateRange(BITTree1 BITTree2 n val l r); // Find sum of all the elements from // [14] l = 1 ; r = 4; document.write('Sum of elements from [' + l + '' + r+ '] is '); document.write(rangeSum(l r BITTree1 BITTree2)+ '
'); // This code is contributed by rag2127 </script>
Produktion
Sum of elements from [14] is 50
Tidskompleksitet : O(q * log(N)) hvor q er antallet af forespørgsler.
Hjælpeplads: PÅ)